What Is Database

• What Is Database Management System
• What Is Database Software
• What Is Database Schema

DBMS Tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of Database. Our DBMS Tutorial is designed for beginners and professionals both.

A database is a tool for collecting and organizing information. Databases can store information about people, products, orders, or anything else. Many databases start as a list in a word-processing program or spreadsheet. A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, containing information about sales transactions or interactions with specific customers.

Database management system is software that is used to manage the database.

1. SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer. SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer is the.
2. Database components. A database is made up of several main components. Schema - A database contains one or more schemas, which is a collection of one or more tables of data. Table - Each table contains multiple columns, which are similar to columns in a spreadsheet. A table can have as little as two columns and as many as 4,096, depending on.

Our DBMS Tutorial includes all topics of DBMS such as introduction, ER model, keys, relational model, join operation, SQL, functional dependency, transaction, concurrency control, etc.

What is Database

The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. Infographics for pages 3 0 2 download free. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.

For example: The college Database organizes the data about the admin, staff, students and faculty etc. Voxengo span plus 1 9 download free.

Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and delete the information.

Database Management System

• Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in different applications.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also maintains data consistency.

DBMS allows users the following tasks:

• Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that defines the organization of data in the database.
• Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data in the database.
• Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used by applications for various purposes.
• User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring performance and recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.

Characteristics of DBMS

• It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the information.
• It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
• DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
• It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
• It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
• It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
• It is used to provide security of data.
• It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of the user.

Advantages of DBMS

• Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
• Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among multiple users.
• Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the database system.
• Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
• multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user interfaces, application program interfaces

Disadvantages of DBMS

• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and large memory size to run DBMS software.
• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost forever.

DBMS Index

DBMS Tutorial

Data modeling

Relational data Model

Normalization

Transaction Processing

Concurrency Control

File organization

Indexing and B+ Tree

Hashing

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SQL Introduction

Interview Questions

Prerequisite

Audience

Problem

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Program database (PDB) is a proprietary file format (developed by Microsoft) for storing debugging information about a program (or, commonly, program modules such as a DLL or EXE). PDB files commonly have a .pdb extension. A PDB file is typically created from source files during compilation. It stores a list of all symbols in a module with their addresses and possibly the name of the file and the line on which the symbol was declared. This symbol information is not stored in the module itself, because it takes up a lot of space.

Applications[edit]

When a program is debugged, the debugger loads debugging information from the PDB file and uses it to locate symbols or relate current execution state of a program source code. Microsoft Visual Studio uses PDB files as its primary file format for debugging information.

Another use of PDB files is in services that collect crash data from users and relate it to the specific parts of the source code that cause (or are involved in) the crash.

Microsoft compilers will, under appropriate options, store information in a single PDB about types found in the compiled sources. Debug information specific to each source is stored in the compiled object file, and contains references to types in the PDB. Each compilation will add to the PDB any types that are not already found there, so that references in already compiled object files remain valid.

What Is Database Management System

The Microsoft linker, under appropriate options, builds a complete new PDB which combines the debug information found in its input modules, the types referenced by those modules, and other information generated by the linker. If the link is performed incrementally, an existing PDB is modified by adding replacing only the information pertaining to added or replaced modules, and adding any new types not already in the PDB.

PDB files are usually removed from the programs' distribution package. They are used by developers during debugging to save time and gain insight.

Extracting information[edit]

The PDB format is documented here, information can be extracted from a PDB file using the DIA (Debug Interface Access) interfaces, available on Microsoft Windows. There are also third-party tools that can also extract information from PDB such as radare2 and pdbparse

Multiple stream format[edit]

The PDB is a single file which is logically composed of several sub-files, called streams. It is designed to optimize the process of making changes to the PDB, as performed by compiles and incremental links. Streams can be removed, added, or replaced without rewriting any other streams, and the changes to the metadata which describes the streams is minimized as well.

The PDB is organized in fixed-size pages, typically 1K, 2K, or 4K, numbered consecutively starting at 0.

Note: It is presumed that all numeric information (e.g., stream and page numbers) is stored in little-endian form, the native form for Intel x86 based processors. The pdbparse Python code makes this assumption.

Stream[edit]

Each stream in the PDB occupies several pages, which aren't necessarily consecutively numbered. The stream has a number and a length. The stream content is the concatenation of its pages, truncated to the stream's length.

Metadata format[edit]

The function of the PDB metadata is to identify all of the component streams, giving the length, and sequence of pages for each stream. Streams are numbered consecutively starting with 0. There is also a root stream, unnumbered, which contains some of the metadata.

Header[edit]

The PDB begins with a header, consisting of:

• Signature, used to identify and validate the specific format. The length of the signature varies with the specific format.
• The remainder of the header varies with the format identified by the signature.

What Is Database Software

The header may be longer than a single page. https://grouniserde1975.wixsite.com/tshirtsdownloading/post/worms-3-v1-16.

Microsoft tools use two PDB formats:

Version 7[edit]

https://poker-aaa-the-pink-panther-online-free.peatix.com. Signature is 'Microsoft C/C++ MSF 7.00rnx1ADS000'(32 bytes).

Remainder of the header consists of:

• Page size, 4 bytes.
• Allocation table pointer, 4 bytes. The meaning of this is unknown. There appears to be an allocation table, an array of 65,536 bits (8,192 bytes), located at the end of the PDB, and a 1-bit means a page that is not being used.
• Number of file pages, 4 bytes.
• Root stream size, 4 bytes.
• reserved, 4 bytes.
• Page number of the Root stream page number list. It does not indicate the location of the Root stream itself, only of the page containing the structure which points to its pages. At that page, the Root stream page number list indicates the pages where the Root stream is stored. It contains 4 bytes per page, enough to cover the above Root stream size.

Root stream[edit]

The root stream describes all of the PDB streams starting with stream 0. Its contents vary with the PDB format version.

The root stream consists of:

• Number of streams, 2 bytes.
• Reserved, 2 bytes.
• For each stream:
  • Stream size, 4 bytes.
  • Reserved, 4 bytes.
• For each stream:
  • Stream page number list, 2 bytes per page, enough to cover above stream size.

Version 7[edit]

The root stream consists of:

• Number of streams, 4 bytes.
• For each stream:
  • Stream size, 4 bytes.
• For each stream:
  • Stream page number list, 4 bytes per page, enough to cover above stream size.

Stream contents[edit]

Microsoft tools store different sorts of information in different numbered streams. Some stream numbers have a fixed information type associated with them, and other streams are identified in the aforementioned fixed type streams.

Sizzling sevens free slots. Stream 1 is used to verify that the PDB is the same file referred to in an executable or object file stream.

• Version, 4 bytes.
• Time date stamp, 4 bytes.
• Age, 4 bytes. This is the number of times this PDB has been modified since its creation.
• GUID, 16 bytes.
• Total length of following names, 4 bytes. Followed by null-terminated character strings.

Stream 2 and stream 4 hold types information. Actual type records define types used in the program. The structure of these records can be found in the file cvinfo.h provided by Microsoft. There are two flavors of records, each with its own set of index numbers: type IDs and types; only types are stored in stream 2 and only type IDs are stored in stream 4. The indices are used to refer to these records from within symbol records and other type records.

• A header:
  • Version, 4 bytes.
  • Header size, 4 bytes.
  • Minimum and maximum (last + 1) index for type records (4 bytes each).
  • Size of following data, 4 bytes, to the end of the stream.
• Hash information:
  • Stream number, 2 bytes with 2 bytes padding.
  • Hash key, 4 bytes.
  • Buckets, 4 bytes.
  • HashVals, TiOff, and HashAdj, each composed of an offset and length, each 4 bytes.
• Type records, variable length, count = (maximum - minimum) from above header.

Stream 3 is a directory for other streams. Note, it is not present in Version 2, nor in a PDB produced by a compiler. The stream starts with a header which is padded to be 64 bytes in total

What Is Database Schema

• Module information, variable length. Total size in above header. There is one of these for each object module used by the linker
  • Opened, 4 bytes.
  • Symbol info.
    • Section number, 2 bytes + 2 bytes padding.
    • Offset and size, 4 bytes each.
    • Flags, 4 bytes.
    • Module number, 2 bytes + 2 bytes padding.
    • CRCs for section data and relocations data, 4 bytes each.
  • Flags, 2 bytes.
  • Stream number, 2 bytes.
  • Symbols size, 4 bytes.
  • Old and new line number info sizes, 4 bytes each.
  • Number of source files, 2 bytes + 2 bytes padding.
  • Offsets, 4 bytes.
  • niSource and niCompiler, 4 bytes each.
  • Module name, null terminated byte string.
  • Object name, null terminated byte string.
  • Padding to multiple of 4 bytes.
• Section contributions, section headers, file info, ts map, and EC info. Their sizes are found in the above header.
• Debug header,
  • Stream numbers for Old Frame Pointer Omission, Exceptions, Fixups, Object Maps to and from Source, Section Headers, Token Ring IDs, Xdata, Pdata, New Frame Pointer Omission, and Section Header Origin. 2 bytes each.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

• The PDB format is documented here Information from Microsoft about the PDB format.